This autoimmune disease may impact your skin, nails, and hair. Here's what to look for and how to treat it.
ByBecky UphamMedically Reviewed byAlexa Meara, MD
Reviewed:
Medically Reviewed
Lupus can lead to certain changes in your skin, such as inflammation and rashes.
Lupus is a systemic autoimmune disease in which the body’s immune system attacks healthy tissues and organs. This response creates inflammation in many parts of the body, including the joints, kidneys, brain, heart, and lungs.
Lupus can also affect the skin and cause a rash or other kinds of skin changes. Approximately two out of every three people withlupus will develop some type of skin disease, known as cutaneous lupus erythematosus, according to the Lupus Foundation of America.
“It’s thought that the rashes occur because of exposure to sunlight,” says George Stojan, MD,an assistant professor of medicine in the division of rheumatology at the Johns Hopkins University Medical School and the codirector of the Hopkins Lupus Center in Baltimore.
“The UV radiation damages the cells in the skin, and that exposes antigens that the immune system recognizes, and that leads to an immune response in the skin,” says Dr. Stojan. An antigen is any substance that causes the immune system to react, often by producing antibodies to fight against it. “The immune response targets the skin cells and causes inflammation that leads to the rashes,” he says.
Lupus rash and skin changes often accompany other symptoms of lupus, which can include fatigue, pain and swelling in the joints, and swollen glands. “The outward manifestations of lupus on the skin can be a window into what’s going on systemically,” says Victoria P. Werth, MD, a professor of dermatology at the hospital of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia.
There are several different types of skin changes and rashes associated with lupus. Knowing what to watch out for — detailed below — can help you manage and treat these conditions.
Butterfly Rash (Malar Rash)
Butterfly or malar rash is a kind of acute cutaneous lupus, according to Stojan. Acute cutaneous lupus lesions or rashes happen when systemic lupus is active, according to the Lupus Foundation of America.
It appears by the malar area of the cheeks — around your cheekbones — "and it has the shape of a butterfly as it goes across the bridge of the nose,” says Dr. Werth. The rash can also occur on the arms, legs, and body, she adds.
“About 90 percent of patients who get malar rash have systemic lupus. This type of rash, as well as most lupus rashes, are generally inflamed, and so it’s edematous [swollen], it’s raised, and it's red. It has a lot of mimics, or other conditions that can appear to be butterfly rash, so it needs to be distinguished from those,” says Stojan.
One way to make that diagnosis is through a biopsy, in which a doctor takes a tissue sample and examines it under a microscope. “Not all butterfly rashes are lupus — that’s important to note; eczema is one example of a skin condition that may look like butterfly rash,” he says.
Malar rash is a classic photosensitive rash; it tends to be induced by sun exposure, says Stojan. “Many patients will report that when they’re in the sun their rash worsens, or maybe they notice that their rash gets worse during the summer months,” he says.
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Circular Rash
Known as discoid lupus because of the round shape of the sores or lesions, this is a type of chronic cutaneous lupus. The patches are thick, raised, and scaly, says Stojan. “In people with white skin the patches appear pink, and on people with darker skin the patches can look darker,” he says.
This rash can appear on the face, ears, scalp, neck, and hands, and although it’s not usually itchy or painful, it can sometimes cause pigment changes, according to Stojan. “After it resolves, it can leave white patches or discolored patches or possibly scarring,” he says.
Subacute Cutaneous Lupus
There are two kinds of subacute cutaneous lupus lesions: papulosquamous lesions and annular lesions. “This type of lupus tends to be very photosensitive,” says Werth. It can be an indication of systemic lupus, but it can also happen on its own, according to NYU Langone Health. The rash typically isn’t itchy or painful and rarely leaves scars.
“Papulosquamous lesions appear as red scaly areas and can be on the shoulders, back, and chest, whereas annular lesions can appear in circular, ring-type patterns and can look like a fungal infection,” says Stojan.
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Nail Changes Due to Lupus
There are two kinds of changes that can happen around the nails in lupus. “The first kind is peritubular capillary changes, which are vascular changes in the little blood vessels around the nails," notes Stojan. These tiny vessels can be dilated or broken near the surface of the skin and appear as fine pink or red lines.
This condition can occur with certain autoimmune diseases, including lupus, says Stojan. “We can sometimes distinguish between different autoimmune diseases based on how those capillaries look under a microscope.”
“The other change that you can see is a rash or reddening of the skin around the nail, which is referred to as a periungual rash or periungual erythema,” says Stojan.
Hair Loss With Lupus
“Sometimes when people have active systemic lupus, they can have a diffuse loss of hair,” says Werth. “It doesn’t mean that all their hair comes out. It's just a thinning which we see," she says, adding that there’s usually no redness or scale on the scalp.
“Once the lupus is under control, the hair grows back in again. Sometimes the hair can break off in the front or maybe you can see new hair regrowing, which is termed ‘lupus hair,’" Werth explains.
There can also be hair loss when lesions are on the scalp, and in some cases the hair grows back as before, but not always, according to Werth. “In discoid lupus, the lesions can sometimes form scars, and hair will not grow back because the hair follicles are also scarred,” she says.
Raynaud’s Syndrome
“Raynaud’s is a reversible vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the fingers that is induced by cold. Vasoconstriction means that the blood vessels constrict and limit the blood supply to the fingers,” says Stojan.
The fingers can go through different color changes, says Stojan. “First they turn white, then blue, and then when the blood supply returns, they turn red, but you don’t need all three stages to have Raynaud’s,” he says.
Raynaud’s is usually temporary and it gets better when you warm the fingers, says Werth. “It’s a very common manifestation that’s not specific for lupus; it can occur in many different autoimmune diseases,” she says. “It’s a symptom that you want to have evaluated, but it doesn’t mean you have lupus.”
Mouth Sores
Oral and nasal ulcers or sores are one of the most common manifestations of lupus, according to Stojan. “They can be on the inside of the cheek, the tongue, and gums. When they appear doesn’t necessarily correlate with disease activity; people can get them outside of their flares,” he says.
Generally, they’re not painful. “It’s worth noting that these lesions are not vesicles [fluid-filled cysts, such as a blister]. Lupus doesn’t cause blisters,” says Stojan.
